The Increase of Teenage Pregnancy Essay example - 1337 Words

The Increase of Teenage Pregnancy Teenage parenthood is by no means a new social phenomenon. Historically, women have tended to begin childbearing during their teens and early twenties. During the past two decades the U. S. teenage birthrate has actually declined (Polit and others, 1982). In the late 1950s, 90 out of 1000 women under 20 gave birth as compared with 52 out of 1000 in 1978. Several factors contribute to the current attention focused on teenage pregnancy and parenthood. There is currently a large number of young women in the 13 to 19 age range, so that while the birthrates are declining, the absolute number of teenagers is increasing. These statistics do not distinguish between intentional and unintentional†¦show more content†¦Out of Wedlock Births Although slowed because of the availability of legal abortion, the rise in the out-of-wedlock birthrate has continued among almost all groups of teenagers. The rise has been steepest among 15- to 17-year-old whites. The number of premaritally conceived births legitimated by marriage has been Adoption and Care by Others. Almost all unwed teenage mothers keep their children in the household with them. Ninety-six percent of unmarried teenage mothers—90 percent of white and virtually all of black mothers—keep their children with them (although in many cases, grandparents or other relatives help take care of the baby). Repeated Unintentional Pregnancies As might be expected, 78 percent of births to teenagers are first births. However, 19 percent are second births, and four percent are third or higher order births. The sooner a teenager gives birth after initiation of intercourse, the more likely she is to have subsequent births while still in her teens. Teenage Contraception Reasons for Nonuse Nearly two-thirds of unwed teenage women report that they never practice contraception or that they use a method inconsistently. According to the Guttmacher Institute (Teenage Pregnancy, 1981), only nine percent of unmarried teenagers surveyed said that they did not use a method of contraception because they were trying to become pregnant orShow MoreRelatedLiterature Review On Teen Pregnancy1254 Words   |  6 PagesTeenage Pregnancy Introduction Teenage pregnancy in the U.S is a major issue given the number of teens between age 15 and 19 years giving birth. The average teen pregnancy rate in America is about 57 per 1000 teens in 2010 (Knox 1). This has decreased to about 47 per 1000 teens, but at the state level, some states such as Texas have higher averages. Currently, the state of Texas recorded a rate of 73 teenage pregnancies per 1000 females aged between 15 and 19 years (Sayegh et al. 95). The main causeRead MoreTeenage Pregnancy Essay772 Words   |  4 Pageschildhood experiences create risk factors that can impact teenage pregnancy? The answer is multifaceted and complex, but an important consequence of teenage pregnancy is to the baby itself. Children of teenage mothers have more health issues, are more likely to be abused, be less educated, and more likely to become criminals (Hillis, et al., 2004, p. 2). Moreover, because teenage mothers are poorer and have less emotional support, children of teenage mothers a re more likely to be abused both physicallyRead MoreEssay on British Pregnancy and Condoms799 Words   |  4 Pages The number of pregnancies across England and Wales, conceptions compared with 896,466 in 2009. An increase of this group with the exception of women aged under twenty. The teenage pregnancy rate in England and Wales has reached its lowest level since 1969,men and women of these countries hold a similar opinion, â€Å" Family may also be valued more highly during to be out of work, they may have more time to spend on a child due to financial concerns cause by recession.† According to most of BritainRead MoreTeenage Pregnancy Essay1238 Words   |  5 Pageswhat most people say, or think, when they hear about the pregnancy of an adolescent girl. Early pregnancy, commonly referred to as teenage pregnancy, is an ongoing crisis throughout the world. However, the United States has the highest rates of teen pregnancy in the world. Since its peak in 1990, teen pregnancy rates have declined by half, but they are still fairly high. According to the National Campaign to Prevent Teen and Unplanned Pregnancy, â€Å"roughly one in four teens girls in the U.S. will getRead MoreHealth Education Reduction Of Teenage Pregnancy1647 Words   |  7 PagesHEALTH EDUCATION REDUCTION OF TEENAGE PREGNANCY IN THE UNITED KINGDOM (2010-2015) Introduction Teenage pregnancy (known as under-18 conception) negatively affects the health and wellbeing of both the young mothers and their children. Early parenthood is prone to the risk of postnatal depression, poor health (including mental health), social exclusion and by the age of thirty (30) there are more likely to live in poverty, have limited education, career and economic prospect. There is high risk ofRead MoreTeenage Pregnancy Is A Public Health Issue1637 Words   |  7 PagesTeenage birth rates, defined as live births per one thousand 15-19-year-old US females, declined by 10% from 2012 to 2013 from 29.4 to 26.5. In fact, the birth rate has been on a steady decline over the past 20 years, from 61.8 in 1991 to 26.5 in 2013. Teenage pregnancy represents both a health and social inequality in our society. Specifically, teenage childbearing is a public health issue because teenage mothers are more likely to experience negative social outcomes such as dropping out of schoolRead MoreC hildhood Victimization And Subsequent Risk For Promiscuity, Prostitution, And Pregnancy Essay900 Words   |  4 Pagesoperationalized (defined and measured). The research problem in Childhood Victimization and Subsequent Risk for Promiscuity, Prostitution, and Teenage Pregnancy: A Prospective Study, is one in which abused children were examined over a period of time to find to correlation between abuse and or neglect as it relates to the risk for their promiscuity, prostitution, and pregnancy (Spatz Kuhms, 1996). The particular design of this study was a prospective cohort style which in sense is a study that is conductedRead MoreMotherhood and Pregnancy1429 Words   |  6 Pagesmother victorious in her life. In this modern world women’s attitude against pregnancy and being a mother is changing accordingly. There occurs so many miscarriages and maternal death during the pregnancy. A woman should be physically, and more over mentally set to have a baby in her womb. Considering the biological fitness of health it’s said that safer age to be get pregnant is in between 20 to 29. Early pregnancy in the teenage age of 13 to 20 and the delayed motherhood age after 35 is challenging toRead MoreThe Issue Of Teen Pregnancy1722 Words   |  7 Pagesteen pregnancy which is still an enormous problem that needs to be addressed. The rates are still higher than they were only a decade ago. Becoming a parent permanently and profoundly alters a teenager s life. Most of the girls forget about th eir dreams of happy marriage, and become mothers at very early age. College is almost always out of the question, graduating High School becomes a goal most teenage moms don t achieve. Young girls having babies isn t new, as a matter of fact, teenage parenthoodRead MoreThe Importance of Comprehensive Sex Education to Decrease Teen Pregnancies894 Words   |  4 PagesIn the United States today, many teenage girls are facing lots of problems. New problems are rising such as an increased pregnancy rate among teenagers. Our teenage girls are less developed and unprepared for the problems which come along with their decision to have sex. It is also too early for teenage girls to become pregnant. Many teens think having a baby is some sort of joke. They believe it will never happen to them but the reality is that every time teens have sex, there is a possibility

Oppression Racism And Sexism - 949 Words

Oppression thrives in America because a majority of its citizens believes forms of oppression such as racism and sexism are relics of the past. What they do not know is that instead of disappearing, racism and sexism have just become so normalized in the United States to the point where people see them as just parts of everyday life. Institution are the rules and establishments put in place to help regulate peoples’ life on a social and global scale. White, straight men have been creating these institutions since America was first being settled. These customs and administrations were forged in ways meant to keep out those who White man deemed inferior all the while making their racist and sexist views the norms. When a society’s norms are made by people who see racism and sexism as natural, then women and people of color have no chance to prosper. While over time some of the overtly racist and sexist ideals of the past are now seen in a negative light, the institutions made by the dominate group still exist and continue to work in ways that keep White men on top (Sensoy, 2012, p.80 ). A society was made in which its people are socialized into believing ideas like women do not need any more right and that anything negative people of color experience is their own fault. By examining how sexism and racism continues to oppress minorities in society, it becomes easier to see, how despite no longer being acknowledged, White male supremacy is not a thing of the past. Sexism is aShow MoreRelatedThroughout literature characters have faced oppression in many forms including racism and sexism.1700 Words   |  7 PagesThroughout literature characters have faced oppression in many forms including racism and sexism. Twentieth century authors have successfully captured both hardships endured and the triumphs realized. Nelson Mandela once said â€Å"No one is born hating another person because of the color of his skin, or his background, or his religion. Peopl e must learn to hate, and if they can learn to hate, they can be taught to love, for love comes more naturally to the human heart than its opposite.† Mandela professesRead MoreBlack Feminist1005 Words   |  5 PagesDictionary, Black Feminist can be defined as a movement consisting of African American women advocating social, political, legal, and economic rights for women equal to those of men (Oxford English Press). Black feminism argues that sexism, social class oppression, and racism are inseparably bound together (Collins). The feminist movement has been around since the 1880s when the word â€Å"Feminism† appeared in the French language (Collins). The word found traction in Britain in the 1890s, and the United StatesRead MoreThe s Concept Of The Mythical Norm By Barbara Perry1200 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"Mythical Norm† Leading To Oppression Through Privilege Iqbal Dhillon - 213516604 York University SOSC 1350- Gender and the Law Julie Dowsett Wednesday, October 22, 2014 Word Count: 1,191 Introduction: This essay will critically analyze the various forms of oppression that are set out through Audrey Lorde’s concept of the â€Å"mythical norm† as discussed by Barbara Perry. Through the â€Å"mythical norm†, it can be seen that oppressions exists through the forms of racism and sexism which are exhibitedRead MoreRacism And Racism Essay986 Words   |  4 Pagessimilarities between sexism and racism. Sexism occurs when a person’s gender or sex is used as the basis for discriminating. Females are more susceptible to sexism although males are also susceptible. Sexual harassment and rape are examples of extreme cases of sexism. Racism occurs when people of a particular race or ethnicity are discriminated against or made to feel inferior. The primary outcome of the paper after comparison is to determine most dehumanizing act between racism and sexism. The first similarityRead MoreTheories of Intersectionality and Oppression1238 Words   |  5 PagesThe concept that all oppressions are inherently linked underlies the theory of intersectionality that implies interactions of multiple systems of oppression, discrimination, and exclusion. Although we have been exposed to an extraordinarily wide variety of literature throughout the semester, with various standpoints, from very different regions of the world– the one unique concept in which they share is this underlying theme of intersectionality. In their own way, each author points out that we mustRead MoreAnalysis Of Bell Hooks And Frantz Fanon1401 Words   |  6 Pagesmovement to end sexism, sexist exploitation, and oppression. Hooks begins by stating feminism is for everybody (2000) and that it is an attempt to end sexism though reform feminism. In â€Å"Racism and Culture,† Fanon investigates whether ending racism is due to cultural relativity. In the book by Gloria Anzaldua Borderlands/La Frontera, she describes the personal struggles she faced through her insecurities relative to the society that exists today. In agreement, Fanon believes racism can be eliminatedRead MoreAnalysis Of The Poem Aint I A Woman 1079 Words   |  5 Pagesexperiences in the oppressive American system, she believed that those women’s stories could not be generalized for all African American women. It was necessary to have a book at this time that acknowledged not black women and the two types of oppressions they experienced that formed their present status in America. Bell was encouraged by her peers to write this well needed book. She was especially motivated by the views that others had toward black women at the time: â€Å"I can remember a dinner whereRead MoreA Lot Of Components Can Come Into Play When Speaking About Racism1346 Words   |  6 Pagesabout racism. Racism is not only a very sensitive subject, but a very important one as well. I will be introducing a very different type of racism, I will be highlighting the topic of gender. In this response I will be focusing on intersectionality, gender oppression, and people’s past experiences. These concepts can demonstrate the importance of taking gender into consideration when speaking about racism. The reason why this is relevant is because gender is very much a key component to racism andRead MorePrejudice On The Basis Of Race, Gender, And Sexual Orientation976 Words   |  4 Pagesresearch will be undergone as well as the analyzation of issues the way in which these groups are depicted by the media, and how this affects the way society views and interacts with them. In all its forms (for the purposes of this discussion; racism, sexism, and homophobia), prejudice can be manifested in numerous different ways. It can be argued that media representation of different people (and the issues they face) is a form of prejudice, as said content does not exist in a vacuum; it is comprisedRead MoreOne Unaccounted For Factor That Is Impacting The Level1445 Words   |  6 PagesThe majority of the current literature on the subject of American’s support/opposition to economic redistribution tends to focus on identities such as race, class, and gender as separate entities. Applying the theories of hostile/benevolent sexism and racism, I argue that analyzing intersections of identities such as race and gender in conjunction, and as interdependent, will provide a clearer picture as to why Americans are less favorable towards redistribution, and specifically welfare. In my

Ovarian Cancer Research Paper Free Essays

Sydney True Psych 471 Reproductive Cancers Assignment University of Nebraska-Lincoln Fall 2010 Ovarian Cancer Research Paper Ovarian cancer is a type of cancer that is characterized by the formation of the cancer cells in the tissues of a woman’s reproductive glands, the ovaries. It is when normal ovarian cells begin to grow uncontrollably that this cancer develops into dangerous malignant tumors that can be found in one or both ovaries. There are three types of these cells that are responsible for ovarian cancer: Surface epithelium, Germ cells, and Stromal cells. We will write a custom essay sample on Ovarian Cancer Research Paper or any similar topic only for you Order Now Surface epithelial ovarian cancer is the type that grows on the outer surface of the ovary. This is the most common form of this cancer, appearing in about 90 percent of ovarian cancer cases. Of the more rare forms, germ cell tumors originate specifically in the egg-producing cells and the Stromal ovarian cancer in the supportive tissue encasing the ovaries. In women, older age and obesity may increase the likelihood of developing ovarian cancer. Other factors include a personal or family history of this or other types of cancer, women who have taken estrogen after menopause (especially for longer than 5 years), and women who have trouble conceiving. The symptoms that are commonly associated with ovarian cancer are similar to some less serious disorders, but in this case, they may occur more and become more severe. Cancer Treatment Centers of America (CTCA) list on their website (www. cancercenter. com) that the most general â€Å"symptoms of ovarian cancer include: Bloating, nausea, constipation, or diarrhea, change in urinary frequency (feeling like you have to go more often), pressure in the abdomen, back, or legs, vaginal bleeding (including heavy periods), and fatigue. Unfortunately, and as any woman can attest to, these symptoms may be part of a normal menstrual cycle. Thus, making this a difficult cancer to detect. Women are encouraged to become more aware of how their body usually feels and see a doctor if any abnormalities persist after several weeks for an examination. In order to make a diagnosis of ovarian cancer a doctor will perform a serious of tests including: a pelvic examination for any knots or bumps that could be possible cancerous growths; a pap smear to test for signs of cancerous cells; an ultrasound that tests the sound waves of healthy tissue versus potential tumors. A magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) test uses radiofrequency to distinguish diseased tissue from normal tissue. A CA 125 blood test will show a possible increase in levels of CA 125 protein, an increase that is often linked to ovarian cancer. A gynecologic oncologist can perform a laparotomy to collect fluid samples from the abdominal cavity in order to test for abnormalities. Lastly, a less invasive test that is similar to the laparascopy but requires only a few small incisions. Once a diagnosis of the cancer has been made, How to cite Ovarian Cancer Research Paper, Essays

Communication of Business Nucleus Research Company

Question: Discuss about the Communication of Businessfor Nucleus Research Company. Answer: Introduction Social networking plays multiple roles at the workplace. Many organizations are using social networking as an important tool in order to share information with one another. It provides an opportunity to learn about the current and potential employees. According to the research conducted by Nucleus Research Company that allows Facebook at workplace suffer a loss of 1.5 percent. It adversely affects the overall productivity and distracts the employees. Many social networking sites are used to promote company through their portal (Karras, 2013). As per the survey conducted by Kelly Services around forty-eight per cent of Australians have mentioned that Social Media has a negative impact on overall workplace productivity. According to the survey Fifty- nine percent respondent has acknowledged that mixing personal and professional connection through social media disrupts the workplace harmony (Turnbull Howman-Giles, 2014). In between Social Media has gained a strong foothold in Australia n workplaces. Social media has become an entitlement for the workers but there are chances of failure if both personal and professional life is intermingled. Social networking has a habit to hurt employees relationship with the company. Some of the employees send negative messages to other which hinders the ability to work together in a cohesive environment (McFarland Ployhart,2015). It is becoming very common in Australia that employers are using social media to enhance their information about the job applicant. As per the recent analysis, over a third of employers in the accounting and finance sector review applicants Facebook profile before providing them with an employment. This is causing a huge risk into an individual personal life. The employers are unknowingly intruding in their personal life (Scott,2015). Negative Impact on an Individual Individuals are benefitted greatly through social media tools. They are used to highlight information among large audience. Individuals are personally responsible for posting information on the social media. Every person should take responsibility for posting information on the social networking websites. Any wrong post written on the social networking website adversely affects the employee morale. There is a fear that the employees might circulate any secret information related to the organization. In certain situations employee circulate wrong and insignificant information about their boss. This might affect the relationship in between the employer and the employee (Dijkmans, Kerkhof Beukeboom, 2015). Their productivity is largely affected due to use of social networking at workplace. Moreover allowing employees to access social media profiles during working hours causes access distraction. Employees lose their valuable time either on playing games or talking to friends and updati ng their own profile (Crane Matten, 2016). Online privacy is one of the debated issues since internet has gained popularity. It is risky for an individual person to share his/her personal information on social media as it is circulated to large number of people. People are voluntarily sharing information on social media without giving a second thought (Brooks, 2015). Negative Impact on an Organization Employees are posting false information on the social networking website which is affecting the organization in achieving goals. People around the world have a free access to the information they have posted in their profile. This is negatively putting an impact on the growth of the organization. Overall productivity of the organization is affected due to circulation of false information on the social networking website. Posting internal information on the social networking websites adversely affects the organization. It disrupts growth not only of the individual but of an employee. Another negative impact of using social media at workplace is the possibility of opening a corporate network into malware. It is a kind of intrusive software that has a capacity to damage companys computers and network. This can also create an entry point for a hacker to retrieve secret information. The social networking disrupts the security wall and provides a way to place viruses into system. This has a negative impact not only for the organization but for the employee as well (Diercksen, et al.2013). Many Australian Organizations has restricted use of social media tools at workplace as its badly affects their productivity. Employers have certainly mentioned the restricted use of social media in the appointment letter. This proactive step is chosen in order to reduce future clash in between employer and employee. Multinational companies in Australia are facing issues due to interference of social media in the organization. The level of distraction caused by the social networking websites is very high. Overall result is affected due to employees increasing interest in the social affair. The productivity will be affected due to continuous interference into personal activities. This will disrupt not only the overall productivity but the decorum in an organization. Large sized organizations are facing problems due to use of social networking website at workplace. It is necessary for an organization to keep a check over the activities carried out by the employees in order to manage work at place (Bingham Conner, 2015). Most of the organizations across Australia are negatively affected by the use of social media tools at workplace. It has a wrong impact on the overall growth of an individual and the employee. For the long term growth of the organization every company must restrict use of social media at workplace (Epstein Buhovac, 2014) Methods to Overcome negative Impact of use of Social Media at Workplace Before giving a free charge to an individual to utilize social media tool at workplace the organization must consider various essential requirements in order to mitigate the risk caused due to its usage. It is suggested that the company must review its policies time to time and they should try to include important points regarding restriction on usage of social media at workplace. Employees represent the company to the masses and it has become important for them to take responsibility while circulating information regarding the organization. it is the role of the employer to educate the employees about the professional ethics. This will help in managing an effective relationship with the organization. The managers have a responsibility to train employees about correct usage of social media tools at workplace. It is recommended to ensure quantifiable statistics in order to ensure implementation of technology (Osman, 2012). Social media should be used effectively in order to build robust relationship inside the organization. Social media tools need to be used to combine efforts of company by formation of effective teams. It is necessary to restrict the usage of social media tools at workplace through proper implementation of policies. Large size business organizations esteem is at stake due to the effect of Social Media. Employees are abruptly using social media tools at workplace to update information which indirectly affect the companys goodwill (Yu, Duan, Cao, 2013). Use of SocialMedia by Employer Employers are using social networking websites to retrieve information related to the job applicant. The social media profile carries information related to employee who is retrieved by the employers to retrieve his previous information related to the job (Benson Morgan, 2015). Employers are using social networking website in order to check background of the applicant. They are using applicants Facebook profile to cross-check their background. It is an unethical procedure used by many Australian Companies to seek information about the employees. The Information posted by the employees on the social networking site is not necessarily true. Utilizing the same information to check background is not only unethical but illegal as per the Australian law. Any such activity carried out by HR manager brings not only him but the organization under legal liability. The employer must ensure that they are not using anti- discriminatory policies when vetting job applicants. If an employer uses any discriminatory policies that are against the provisions as mentioned in Fair Work Act 2009 (Cth) (Fair Work Act) brings him under liability. He should not use discriminatory policies while offering the job offer to the employees on the basis of social media profile. They help i n protecting employees interest related to employment safety (STR Team,2016). Recommendations However a total ban on the social media at workplace is impractical and undesirable. Apart from use of social media there are multiple advantages derived from the use and prevalence of mobile devices at the workplace. It is necessary to implement well-drafted and well-communicated social media policies at the workplace while removing the risk associated with it. In recent times the employer are criticized by the Fair Work Commission due to unfair dismissal proceedings at workplace. A policy should put forward the expectation of the employers regarding the use of social media at workplace. They need to monitor the behavior of the employees according to the stated policies. In recent times social media has emerged as one of the valuable tool for union and action groups during bargaining with the employers. It helps in bringing significant issues under the domain of the company. It is used as employers own strategy to communicate with one another (Vaast Kaganer,2013). An increasing rate of termination of employment due to revealing significant information related to employment on social media that damaged the business reputation due to excess use of social media at workplace. Fair Work Commission has stated that employers can ask employees to comply with the social media policies that help in managing the conduct of employees outside the workplace largely (Bucher, Fieseler Suphan,2013). Using Social media sites are causing hindrance to the growth of the individual as well. Individual growth is restricted due to use of social networking websites like Facebook, Twitter, Instagram which diverts individual from his work. Hence self-policing is important for reducing the time spend on these sites. Use of social networking website reduces the overall productivity and has a long term ill-effect on the productivity. It is recommended that every organization should interpret the policies regarding use of social networking websites well in advance so that it doesnt causes problem to both the employee and the employer. In order to attain long-term goals it is essential for a company to enhance the productivity of the employees by paying more attention in developing a robust environment (Treem Leonardi, 2013). However in order to grow individually or in a group social media websites plays an important role in achieving a sustainable growth in an economy. Hence uses of social networking websites cannot be ignored in the age of globalization. Negative effects can only be eliminated if an individual develops a better planning in order to attain realistic goals within the given time-frame (Leftheriotis Giannakos,2014). Conclusion Social media websites are useful for an organization in order to keep in touch with each and every individual. There is a positive impact of the social networking websites on the organization and on an individual. But excess use of social networking website at workplace hampers the growth of an individual. There are more negative impacts of using social networking websites at workplace. This affects the growth of an individual and an organization. According to the research conducted by Nucleus Research Company that allows Facebook at workplace suffer a loss of 1.5 percent. Social media has become a privilege for the workers but there are chances of failure if both personal and professional life is mixed together. Large Sized business organizations are facing huge loss due to excess usage of social media at workplace. This is affecting the overall productivity in an organization and hence causing a huge gap in the standard and actual productivity. Using social media at workplace has a negative effect on both individual and the organization. The report incorporates important facts and data related to use of social media at workplace and put forward the consequences it is posing on overall productivity. It is however recommended that limiting the use of social media websites will not only accelerate the overall productivity but it will help in achieving distinguished results. Social media is a modern age tool necessary to accelerate the multi-faceted growth. It is also important for an individual to keep in touch with the social group. However it is important to limit the use of social networking at workplace. This is not only the responsibility of an individual but the employer to keep a check over employees activities at the workplace. References Benson, V., Morgan, S. (2015).Implications of social media use in personal and professional settings. Bingham, T., Conner, M. (2015).The New Social Learning: Connect. Collaborate. Work. Association For Talent Development. Brooks, S. (2015). Does personal social media usage affect efficiency and well-being?.Computers in human behavior,46, 26-37. Bucher, E., Fieseler, C., Suphan, A. (2013). The stress potential of social media in the workplace.Information, Communication Society,16(10), 1639-1667. Crane, A., Matten, D. (2016).Business ethics: Managing corporate citizenship and sustainability in the age of globalization. Oxford University Press. Diercksen,M. et al.(2013). The effects of social media in todays workplace.(Online). Retrieved from: https://www.nedsi.org/proc/2013/proc/p121102007.pdf (Accessed on: 24 January 2017) Dijkmans, C., Kerkhof, P., Beukeboom, C. J. (2015). A stage to engage: Social media use and corporate reputation.Tourism Management,47, 58-67. Epstein, M. J., Buhovac, A. R. (2014).Making sustainability work: Best practices in managing and measuring corporate social, environmental, and economic impacts. Berrett-Koehler Publishers. Karras,A.(2013). Australia: Social media and the workplace.(Online). Retrieved from: https://www.mondaq.com/australia/x/271616/employee+rights+labour+relations/Social+media+and+the+workplace (Accessed on: 24 January 2017) Leftheriotis, I., Giannakos, M. N. (2014). Using social media for work: Losing your time or improving your work?.Computers in Human Behavior,31, 134-142. McFarland, L. A., Ployhart, R. E. (2015). Social media: A contextual framework to guide research and practice.Journal of Applied Psychology,100(6), 1653. Osman,H.(2012). Social media has negative impact on workplace productivity: study.(Online). Retrieved from: https://www.arnnet.com.au/article/430698/social_media_has_negative_impact_workplace_productivity_study/ (Accessed on: 24 January 2017) Scott, D.M., (2015).The new rules of marketing and PR: How to use social media, online video, mobile applications, blogs, news releases, and viral marketing to reach buyers directly. John Wiley Sons. STR Team,(2016).Social media at workplace has a negative impact on productivity.(Online). Retrieved from: https://www.business-standard.com/article/management/social-media-at-workplace-has-a-negative-impact-on-productivity-116102300777_1.html (Accessed on: 24 January 2017) Treem, J. W., Leonardi, P. M. (2013). Social media use in organizations: Exploring the affordances of visibility, editability, persistence, and association.Annals of the International Communication Association,36(1), 143-189. Turnbull,J. Howman-Giles,C.(2014).Social media in the workplace the good and the bad. .(Online). Retrieved from: https://www.workplacelawandstrategy.com.au/2014/02/social-media-in-the-workplace-the-good-and-the-bad/ (Accessed on: 24 January 2017) Vaast, E., Kaganer, E. (2013). Social media affordances and governance in the workplace: An examination of organizational policies.Journal of Computer?Mediated Communication,19(1), 78-101. Yu, Y., Duan, W., Cao, Q. (2013). The impact of social and conventional media on firm equity value: A sentiment analysis approach.Decision Support Systems,55(4), 919-926.